When they were describing Dimmesdale as the "Black Man", it was because black represents evil or badness. Since the town's people didn't know who the culprit was that Hester cheated on her husband with, they had to give him that nickname because it was a horrible sin that he allowed Hester to have sex with a man other than her husband. This really contradicts his role in their society since he was the minister. Usually white would be associated with a minister because it represents purity.
Also he could have been seen as one of the elect since he could maybe have a closer connection with God in the Puritans eyes. Also having to do with the chest pains that he was having, anyone could easily predict that, he too, spiritually, had been stamped with the mark of an adulterer. When thinking of pain, someone may also think of the color red because of blood or the color skin can get from a dreadful occurrence. This links back to the scarlet letter that Hester wore which signified a connection between the two. The pains that he expressed could maybe represent Hester's inward pains as well, but that signifies that both of them should feel guilty about what they did and not just Hester.
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